If one wants to take more than one prior event into account for determining the probability of the next event, then a higher-order Markov model should be used. In its simplest form, the Markov property declares that any event is determined by the previous event only, and the first event is determined by each events’ prior probability. Such models are clearly useful for learning end-user behaviors based on the probabilities of individual events (or states) in event sequences, where the probability of any event depends on the previous event in the sequence due to the Markov property. Various types of Markov models are suitable for classifying sequential data. Deviant control sequences are thus regarded as anomalous in the stream. By learning from the probability of different control sequences as well as for each individual event in control sequences, it is possible to model normal behavior for VoD sessions. We use Grubbs’ definition of an anomaly (or outlier) as an event sequence that is inconsistent to other event sequences in the data sample. Īnomaly detection in this setting refers to the process of identifying end-users’ event sequences that do not conform to the notion of normal behavior. This problem at hand matches an anomaly detection approach well. As such, the control sequences from VoD clients represent an interesting means of detecting deviations from normal viewing behaviors among the customers, which could be used to highlight for instance quality degradation issues in the service. One example is that large numbers of client video re-buffering requests could indicate some issue related to the image quality. As such, the control sequence is indicative of end-user viewing behaviors, which also reflects problems that the end-users experience in the streaming service, e.g., quality degradation in the data stream. However, in a VoD context each stream consists of both content and control data, where the latter can be considered a sequence of control events, e.g., start, stop or re-buffering requests. Each stream, or session, consists of a sequence of data over time, and content of streams vary with the type of streaming data. Two experiments are used for measuring the potential of the approach, which gives promising results in terms of precision, recall, \(F_1\)-score and Jaccard index when compared to k-means clustering of the sessions.Īs streaming data services, such as video-on-demand (VoD), are increasing in popularity, the streaming data service providers are in need of methods to detect issues in the service in order to provide quality service to its customers. The proposed anomaly detection approach supports anomaly detection in ongoing streaming sessions as it recalculates the probability for a specific session to be anomalous for each new streaming control event that is received. This anomaly detection approach is further investigated over three different temporal resolutions in the data, more specifically: 1 h, 1 day and 3 days. Therefore, in this study we investigate to what extent sequence-based Markov models can be used for anomaly detection by means of the end-users’ control sequences in the video streams, i.e., event sequences such as play, pause, resume and stop. In this context, it is important for streaming service providers to detect deviations in service requests due to issues or changing end-user behaviors in order to ensure that end-users experience high quality in the provided service. Good, Decent, Crap, Good, Decent, Crap.Streaming data services, such as video-on-demand, are getting increasingly more popular, and they are expected to account for more than 80% of all Internet traffic in 2020. A friend of mine recently commented that it "feels like Microsoft has moved the Xbox franchise onto the same release patter that it uses for Windows. It almost appears as if Microsoft wants the Xbox One to fail so it can exit from the console gaming arena entirely.
#Anomaly 2 1080p resolution 1080p
The biggest question here is how could Microsoft continue to let the biggest upcoming titles in gaming launch on its platform in anything but 1080p? Full HD is the common resolution in household living rooms today and virtually every PC game launched in the last two years has 1080p support. Zampella responded with the word "no." Unfortunately this appears to be the general conscientious when it comes to AAA titles on the Xbox One. A Twitter user linked to a Twitter post by which said "Titanfall will be 1080p on Xbox One, and asked if this is true.
The news came from Respawn Entertainment co-founder, Vince Zampella, via Twitter where he answered a question about the game arriving on the Xbox One in full HD.
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